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=== '''''General Research Protocols''''' ===
=== '''''General Research Protocols''''' ===
**Whole-Mount In Situ Hybridization of ''Xenopus'' Embryos. Jean-Pierre Saint-Jeannet. 2017 [http://cshprotocols.cshlp.org/content/2017/12/pdb.prot097287.full?sid=2def726a-9d33-480f-960a-2cb505467e1d]
**Whole-Mount In Situ Hybridization of ''Xenopus'' Oocytes. Diana Bauermeister and Tomas Pieler. 2018. [http://cshprotocols.cshlp.org/content/2018/3/pdb.prot097014.full?sid=c828398a-2644-45a4-84d8-c438d0645c1c]
**Fluorescence In Situ Hybridization of Cryosectioned ''Xenopus'' Oocytes. Christopher R. Neil and Kimberly Mowry. 2018. [http://cshprotocols.cshlp.org/content/2018/5/pdb.prot097030.full?sid=b0492802-2591-4c11-9ec5-fbc953f4c8d3]
**Whole-Mount Immunocytochemistry in ''Xenopus''. Michael W. Klymkowsky. 2018. [http://cshprotocols.cshlp.org/content/2018/1/pdb.prot097295.full?sid=2def726a-9d33-480f-960a-2cb505467e1d]
**Microinjection of mRNAs and Oligonucleotides. Sally A. Moody. 2018. [http://cshprotocols.cshlp.org/content/2018/12/pdb.prot097261.full?sid=2fc9436b-3641-44d3-b3c6-c967a7433e1a]
**Microinjection of DNA Constructs into ''Xenopus'' Embryos for Gene Misexpression and cis-Regulatory Module Analysis. Yuuri Yasuoka and Masanori Taira. 2019. [http://cshprotocols.cshlp.org/content/2019/1/pdb.prot097279.full?sid=2fc9436b-3641-44d3-b3c6-c967a7433e1a]
**Whole-Mount Immunofluorescence for Visualizing Endogenous Protein and Injected RNA in ''Xenopus'' Oocytes.  Samantha P. Jeschonek and Kimberly L. Mowry. 2018. [http://cshprotocols.cshlp.org/content/2018/10/pdb.prot097022.full?sid=2fc9436b-3641-44d3-b3c6-c967a7433e1a]
**Isolation of ''Xenopus'' Oocytes. Karen Newman, Tristan Aguero, and Mary Lou King. 2018. [http://cshprotocols.cshlp.org/content/2018/2/pdb.prot095851.full?sid=c828398a-2644-45a4-84d8-c438d0645c1c]
**Microinjection of ''Xenopus'' Oocytes. Tristan Aguero, Karen Newman, and Mary Lou King. 2018. [http://cshprotocols.cshlp.org/content/2018/2/pdb.prot096974.full?sid=c828398a-2644-45a4-84d8-c438d0645c1c]
**Oocyte Host-Transfer and Maternal mRNA Depletion Experiments in ''Xenopus''. Douglas W. Houston. 2018. [http://cshprotocols.cshlp.org/content/2018/10/pdb.prot096982.full?sid=d5693f80-e850-417d-a254-c0574571010e].
**Oocyte Host-Transfer and Maternal mRNA Depletion Experiments in ''Xenopus''. Douglas W. Houston. 2018. [http://cshprotocols.cshlp.org/content/2018/10/pdb.prot096982.full?sid=d5693f80-e850-417d-a254-c0574571010e].
**Applying Tensile and Compressive Force to ''Xenopus'' Animal Cap Tissue.  Georgina K. Goddard, Nawseen Tarannum, and Sarah Woolner. 2020. [http://cshprotocols.cshlp.org/content/early/2019/12/19/pdb.prot105551.full.pdf+html?sid=972ba2c9-9b73-4306-a49c-bfa681762184].
**Applying Tensile and Compressive Force to ''Xenopus'' Animal Cap Tissue.  Georgina K. Goddard, Nawseen Tarannum, and Sarah Woolner. 2020. [http://cshprotocols.cshlp.org/content/early/2019/12/19/pdb.prot105551.full.pdf+html?sid=972ba2c9-9b73-4306-a49c-bfa681762184].
**Microinjection of mRNAs and Oligonucleotides. Sally A. Moody. 2018. [http://cshprotocols.cshlp.org/content/2018/12/pdb.prot097261.full?sid=2fc9436b-3641-44d3-b3c6-c967a7433e1a]
**Whole-Mount Immunofluorescence for Visualizing Endogenous Protein and Injected RNA in ''Xenopus'' Oocytes.  Samantha P. Jeschonek and Kimberly L. Mowry. 2018. [http://cshprotocols.cshlp.org/content/2018/10/pdb.prot097022.full?sid=2fc9436b-3641-44d3-b3c6-c967a7433e1a]
**Microinjection of DNA Constructs into ''Xenopus'' Embryos for Gene Misexpression and cis-Regulatory Module Analysis. Yuuri Yasuoka and Masanori Taira. 2019. [http://cshprotocols.cshlp.org/content/2019/1/pdb.prot097279.full?sid=2fc9436b-3641-44d3-b3c6-c967a7433e1a]
**RNAi-Mediated Loss of Function of ''Xenopus'' Immune Genes by Transgenesis. Eva-Stina Edholm and Jacques Robert. 2018. [http://cshprotocols.cshlp.org/content/2018/7/pdb.prot101519.full?sid=b8877509-c956-4358-92ea-b76c615673a4]
**RNAi-Mediated Loss of Function of ''Xenopus'' Immune Genes by Transgenesis. Eva-Stina Edholm and Jacques Robert. 2018. [http://cshprotocols.cshlp.org/content/2018/7/pdb.prot101519.full?sid=b8877509-c956-4358-92ea-b76c615673a4]
**Flow Cytometric Analysis of ''Xenopus'' Immune Cells. Eva-Stina Edholm. [http://cshprotocols.cshlp.org/content/2018/7/pdb.prot097600.full?sid=b8877509-c956-4358-92ea-b76c615673a4]
**Flow Cytometric Analysis of ''Xenopus'' Immune Cells. Eva-Stina Edholm. [http://cshprotocols.cshlp.org/content/2018/7/pdb.prot097600.full?sid=b8877509-c956-4358-92ea-b76c615673a4]
**Isolation and Demembranation of ''Xenopus'' Sperm Nuclei. James W. Hazel and Jesse C. Gatlin. 2018. [http://cshprotocols.cshlp.org/content/2018/6/pdb.prot099044.full?sid=b0492802-2591-4c11-9ec5-fbc953f4c8d3]
**Patch-Clamp and Perfusion Techniques to Study Ion Channels Expressed in ''Xenopus'' Oocytes. Guohui Zhang and Jianmin Cui. 2018. [http://cshprotocols.cshlp.org/content/2018/4/pdb.prot099051.full?sid=b0492802-2591-4c11-9ec5-fbc953f4c8d3]
**Heterologous Protein Expression in the ''Xenopus'' Oocyte. Jonathan S. Marchant. 2018. [http://cshprotocols.cshlp.org/content/2018/4/pdb.prot096990.full?sid=c828398a-2644-45a4-84d8-c438d0645c1c]
**Isolation and Analysis of ''Xenopus'' Germinal Vesicles. Garry T. Morgan. 2018. [http://cshprotocols.cshlp.org/content/2018/4/pdb.prot096958.full?sid=c828398a-2644-45a4-84d8-c438d0645c1c]


=== ''''''Omics''''' ===
=== ''''''Omics''''' ===
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**Microfluidic Encapsulation of Demembranated Sperm Nuclei in ''Xenopus'' Egg Extracts. John Oakey and Jesse C. Gatlin. 2018. [http://cshprotocols.cshlp.org/content/2018/8/pdb.prot102913.full?sid=b8877509-c956-4358-92ea-b76c615673a4]
**Microfluidic Encapsulation of Demembranated Sperm Nuclei in ''Xenopus'' Egg Extracts. John Oakey and Jesse C. Gatlin. 2018. [http://cshprotocols.cshlp.org/content/2018/8/pdb.prot102913.full?sid=b8877509-c956-4358-92ea-b76c615673a4]
**Nucleus Assembly and Import in ''Xenopus laevis'' Egg Extract. Pan Chen and Daniel L. Levy. 2018. [http://cshprotocols.cshlp.org/content/2018/6/pdb.prot097196.full?sid=b0492802-2591-4c11-9ec5-fbc953f4c8d3]
**Nucleus Assembly and Import in ''Xenopus laevis'' Egg Extract. Pan Chen and Daniel L. Levy. 2018. [http://cshprotocols.cshlp.org/content/2018/6/pdb.prot097196.full?sid=b0492802-2591-4c11-9ec5-fbc953f4c8d3]
**Assembly of Spindles and Asters in ''Xenopus'' Egg Extracts. Christine M. Field and Timothy J. Mitchison. 2018. [http://cshprotocols.cshlp.org/content/2018/6/pdb.prot099796.full?sid=b0492802-2591-4c11-9ec5-fbc953f4c8d3]
**Preparation of Cellular Extracts from ''Xenopus'' Eggs and Embryos. Matthew C. Good and Rebecca Heald. 2018. [http://cshprotocols.cshlp.org/content/2018/6/pdb.prot097055.full?sid=b0492802-2591-4c11-9ec5-fbc953f4c8d3]


=== '''''Immunobiology''''' ===
=== '''''Immunobiology''''' ===
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**Studies of Limb Regeneration in Larval ''Xenopus''. Anthony L. Mescher and Anton W. Neff. 2019. [http://cshprotocols.cshlp.org/content/2019/4/pdb.prot100990.full?sid=656fdacc-f612-4cf9-8a47-fb6ae54ec864].
**Studies of Limb Regeneration in Larval ''Xenopus''. Anthony L. Mescher and Anton W. Neff. 2019. [http://cshprotocols.cshlp.org/content/2019/4/pdb.prot100990.full?sid=656fdacc-f612-4cf9-8a47-fb6ae54ec864].
**Bulk Electroporation-Mediated Gene Transfer into Xenopus Tadpole Brain. Cristina Sáenz de Miera, Ethan Parr, and Robert J. Denver. 2018. [http://cshprotocols.cshlp.org/content/2018/10/pdb.prot097691.full?sid=d5693f80-e850-417d-a254-c0574571010e] . Supplemental Material [http://cshprotocols.cshlp.org/content/2018/10/pdb.prot097691/suppl/DC1].
**Bulk Electroporation-Mediated Gene Transfer into Xenopus Tadpole Brain. Cristina Sáenz de Miera, Ethan Parr, and Robert J. Denver. 2018. [http://cshprotocols.cshlp.org/content/2018/10/pdb.prot097691.full?sid=d5693f80-e850-417d-a254-c0574571010e] . Supplemental Material [http://cshprotocols.cshlp.org/content/2018/10/pdb.prot097691/suppl/DC1].
**nverse Drug Screening of Bioelectric Signaling and Neurotransmitter Roles: Illustrated Using a ''Xenopus'' Tail Regeneration Assay. Kelly G. Sullivan and Michael Levin. 2018. [http://cshprotocols.cshlp.org/content/2018/3/pdb.prot099937.full?sid=c828398a-2644-45a4-84d8-c438d0645c1c]


==='''''Fate mapping, explants and transplants'''''===
==='''''Fate mapping, explants and transplants'''''===
**Dissecting and Culturing Animal Cap Explants. Kevin S. Dingwell and James C. Smith. 2018. [http://cshprotocols.cshlp.org/content/2018/10/pdb.prot097329.full?sid=d5693f80-e850-417d-a254-c0574571010e]
**Dissecting and Culturing Animal Cap Explants. Kevin S. Dingwell and James C. Smith. 2018. [http://cshprotocols.cshlp.org/content/2018/10/pdb.prot097329.full?sid=d5693f80-e850-417d-a254-c0574571010e]
**Cranial Neural Crest Explants. Hélène Cousin and Dominique Alfandari. 2018. [http://cshprotocols.cshlp.org/content/2018/3/pdb.prot097394.full?sid=c828398a-2644-45a4-84d8-c438d0645c1c]
**Einsteck Transplants. Hélène Cousin. 2019 [http://cshprotocols.cshlp.org/content/2019/2/pdb.prot097352.full?sid=8e4aa418-f7f4-4ebb-bf83-c6a0f37997de]
**Einsteck Transplants. Hélène Cousin. 2019 [http://cshprotocols.cshlp.org/content/2019/2/pdb.prot097352.full?sid=8e4aa418-f7f4-4ebb-bf83-c6a0f37997de]
**Cleavage Blastomere Deletion and Transplantation to Test Cell Fate Commitment in ''Xenopus''. Sally A. Moody. 2019. [http://cshprotocols.cshlp.org/content/2019/1/pdb.prot097311.full?sid=8e4aa418-f7f4-4ebb-bf83-c6a0f37997de]
**Cleavage Blastomere Deletion and Transplantation to Test Cell Fate Commitment in ''Xenopus''. Sally A. Moody. 2019. [http://cshprotocols.cshlp.org/content/2019/1/pdb.prot097311.full?sid=8e4aa418-f7f4-4ebb-bf83-c6a0f37997de]
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**Lineage Tracing and Fate Mapping in ''Xenopus'' Embryos. Sally A. Moody. 2018.  [http://cshprotocols.cshlp.org/content/2018/12/pdb.prot097253.full?sid=2fc9436b-3641-44d3-b3c6-c967a7433e1a]
**Lineage Tracing and Fate Mapping in ''Xenopus'' Embryos. Sally A. Moody. 2018.  [http://cshprotocols.cshlp.org/content/2018/12/pdb.prot097253.full?sid=2fc9436b-3641-44d3-b3c6-c967a7433e1a]


===2019/2020 CSHL Recipes===
===CSHL Recipes===
**Embryo Lysis Buffer (''Xenopus''). (Recipe 1) CSHLP. 2019 [http://cshprotocols.cshlp.org/content/2019/7/pdb.rec106542.full?sid=67e6a6db-ab83-4e4e-9b7e-ec7d5fb9974b]
**Embryo Lysis Buffer (''Xenopus''). (Recipe 1) CSHLP. 2019 [http://cshprotocols.cshlp.org/content/2019/7/pdb.rec106542.full?sid=67e6a6db-ab83-4e4e-9b7e-ec7d5fb9974b]
**''Xenopus'' Embryo Lysis Buffer. (Recipe 2). CSHLP. 2019 [http://cshprotocols.cshlp.org/content/2019/4/pdb.rec104984.full?sid=ee051c86-4c27-43bb-b30d-6ab36902aaf0]
**''Xenopus'' Embryo Lysis Buffer. (Recipe 2). CSHLP. 2019 [http://cshprotocols.cshlp.org/content/2019/4/pdb.rec104984.full?sid=ee051c86-4c27-43bb-b30d-6ab36902aaf0]
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**Proteinase K Buffer for ''Xenopus'' Oocytes. CSHLP 2018. [http://cshprotocols.cshlp.org/content/2018/10/pdb.rec103374.full?sid=d5693f80-e850-417d-a254-c0574571010e]
**Proteinase K Buffer for ''Xenopus'' Oocytes. CSHLP 2018. [http://cshprotocols.cshlp.org/content/2018/10/pdb.rec103374.full?sid=d5693f80-e850-417d-a254-c0574571010e]
**PBT/PBT-Plus for ''Xenopus'' Oocytes. CSHL. 2018. [http://cshprotocols.cshlp.org/content/2018/10/pdb.rec103366.full?sid=d5693f80-e850-417d-a254-c0574571010e]
**PBT/PBT-Plus for ''Xenopus'' Oocytes. CSHL. 2018. [http://cshprotocols.cshlp.org/content/2018/10/pdb.rec103366.full?sid=d5693f80-e850-417d-a254-c0574571010e]
**Energy Mix for Xenopus Egg Extracts. CSHL 2018. [http://cshprotocols.cshlp.org/content/2018/6/pdb.rec103606.full?sid=b0492802-2591-4c11-9ec5-fbc953f4c8d3]
**Energy Mix for ''Xenopus'' Egg Extracts. CSHL 2018. [http://cshprotocols.cshlp.org/content/2018/6/pdb.rec103606.full?sid=b0492802-2591-4c11-9ec5-fbc953f4c8d3]
**''Xenopus'' Oocyte Culture Medium (XOCM).CSHL 2018.[http://cshprotocols.cshlp.org/content/2018/5/pdb.rec103382.full?sid=b0492802-2591-4c11-9ec5-fbc953f4c8d3]
**PBT for ''Xenopus'' Oocyte FISH.CSHL 2018. [http://cshprotocols.cshlp.org/content/2018/5/pdb.rec103630.full?sid=b0492802-2591-4c11-9ec5-fbc953f4c8d3]
**Blocking Solution for ''Xenopus'' Oocytes. CSHL 2018. [http://cshprotocols.cshlp.org/content/2018/3/pdb.rec103945.full?sid=c828398a-2644-45a4-84d8-c438d0645c1c]
**Aldehyde Fixative (MEMFA). CSHL 2018. [http://cshprotocols.cshlp.org/content/2018/1/pdb.rec102731.full?sid=2def726a-9d33-480f-960a-2cb505467e1d]


='''Cold Spring Harbor ''Xenopus'' Protocols'''  2007. Edited by Hazel Sive=
='''Cold Spring Harbor ''Xenopus'' Protocols'''  2007. Edited by Hazel Sive=

Revision as of 08:02, 23 January 2020


Books for Xenopus Research and Protocols

  • Xenopus Protocols: Post-Genomic Approaches. Hoppler and Vize, 2012 [1]
    • expanded second edition with novel approaches inspired by X. tropicalis genome sequencing.
  • The Laboratory Xenopus sp. Green, 2010 [2]
    • a highly detailed manual containing Xenopus husbandry, management, veterinary care, and frog and equipment vendor information
  • Xenopus Protocols: Cell Biology and Signal Transduction Liu (First edition), 2006 [3]
    • step-by-step laboratory instructions, an introduction outlining the principles behind the technique, lists of the necessary equipment and reagents.
  • Color Atlas of Xenopus laevis Histology, Wiechmann and Wirsig-Wiechmann, 2003 [4]
    • central source on the microscopic anatomy of cells, tissues, and major organs of Xenopus laevis.
  • Early Development of Xenopus laevis: A Laboratory Manual, Sive, Grainger, and Harland, 2000 [5]
    • comprehensive collection of protocols for the study of early development in Xenopus embryos
  • Transgenic Xenopus: Microinjection Methods and Developmental Neurobiology, Seidman and Soreq, 1997 [6]
    • referenced guide to the use of microinjected embryos studying the role and regulation of nervous system proteins during development.
  • Atlas of Xenopus Development, Bernardini, Prati, Bonetti, and Scari, 1999 [7]
    • scanning, transmission, and light microscopy images of Xenopus embryonic development.
  • Normal Table of Xenopus laevis (Daudin), Nieuwkoop and Faber (Third edition), 1994 [8]
    • a systematic and chronological description of Xenopus laevis development.
  • Xenopus laevis: Practical Uses in Cell and Molecular Biology, Volume 36, Kay and Peng, 1991 [9]
    • detailed description of a wide range of uses for Xenopus laevis oocytes and embryos in cell and molecular biology.
  • The early development of Xenopus laevis. An atlas of the histology, Hausen and Riebesell, 1991 [10]
    • detailed histological sections of Xenopus embryonic development

Online Xenopus Resources

External links to the Journal of Visualized Experiments (JOVE) - Xenopus embryo [11] - excellent video demonstrations

    • Functional Evaluation of Olfactory Pathways in Living Xenopus Tadpoles - Terni et al. -[12]
    • Obtaining Eggs from Xenopus laevis Females - Cross & Powers [13]
    • Microinjection of Xenopus laevis Oocytes - Cohen et al. - [14]
    • Fertilization of Xenopus oocytes, Host Transfer Method - Schneider et al. [15]
    • Tissue Determination Using Animal Cap Transplant (ACT) Assay in X. laevis - Viczian & Zuber [16]
    • Blastomere Explants to Test for Cell Fate Commitment - Grant et al. [17]
    • Transgenic Xenopus laevis by Restriction Enzyme Mediated Integration and Nuclear Transplantation - Amaya & Kroll [18]
    • Organizer and Animal Pole Explants from X. laevis Embryos and Cell Adhesion Assay - Ogata & Cho [19]
    • Plastic Embedding and Sectioning of X. laevis Embryos - Ogata1 et al. [20]
    • Visualizing RNA Localization in Xenopus Oocytes - Gagnon & Mowry [21]
    • Neural Explant Cultures from Xenopus laevis - Lowery et al. [22]
    • Translocation of Fluorescent Proteins in Xenopus Ectoderm in Response to Wnt Signaling - Itoh & Sokol [23]
    • Dissection, Culture, and Analysis of X. laevis Embryonic Retinal Tissue - McDonough et al. [24]
    • X. tropicalis Egg Extracts to Identify Microtubule-associated RNAs - Sharp & Blower [25]
    • Electroporation of Craniofacial Mesenchyme - Tabler & Liu [26]
    • Electrophysiological Recording from Xenopus Nerve-muscle Co-cultures - Yazejian et al. [27]
    • Single Cell Electroporation in vivo within the Intact Developing Brain - Hewapathirane & Haas - [28]
    • Live-cell Imaging and Quantitative Analysis of Embryonic Epithelial Cells - Joshi & Davidson [29]
    • Preparation and Fractionation of Xenopus laevis Egg Extracts - Cross & Powers [30]
    • In Vitro Nuclear Assembly Using Fractionated Xenopus Egg Extracts - Cross & Powers [31]
    • Study of the DNA Damage Checkpoint using Xenopus Egg Extracts - Willis et al. [32]
    • Two Types of Assays for Detecting Frog Sperm Chemoattraction - Burnett et al. [33]
    • Comparative in vivo Study of gp96 Adjuvanticity in X. laevis - Nedelkovska et al. [34]
    • Patch Clamp and Perfusion Techniques - Yang et al. [35]
    • Patch Clamp Recording of Ion Channels - Brown et al. [36]
    • Cation Transport in Xenopus Oocytes - Dürr et al.[37]
    • Stem cell-like Xenopus Embryonic Explants to Study Early Neural Developmental Features In Vitro and In Vivo - BC.Durand [38]
    • Dissection of Xenopus laevis Neural Crest for in vitro Explant Culture or in vivo Transplantation - Millet & Monsoro-Burq [39]

Protocols published in Journals

Morpholino Studies in Xenopus Brain Development, Bestman and Cline. 2019, Brain Development pp 377-395, Part of the Methods in Molecular Biology book series (MIMB, volume 2047) [[40]]

Cold Spring Harbor Xenopus Protocols Edited by Hazel Sive. published online 2018, 2019 and 2020. [41]

Note: External links are provided but a subscription fee is required for access most CSHL protocols.
All CSHL protocol articles are Copyright 2018, 2019, or 2020  Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press- Request permission to re-use images/figures accordingly.

General Research Protocols

    • Whole-Mount In Situ Hybridization of Xenopus Embryos. Jean-Pierre Saint-Jeannet. 2017 [42]
    • Whole-Mount In Situ Hybridization of Xenopus Oocytes. Diana Bauermeister and Tomas Pieler. 2018. [43]
    • Fluorescence In Situ Hybridization of Cryosectioned Xenopus Oocytes. Christopher R. Neil and Kimberly Mowry. 2018. [44]
    • Whole-Mount Immunocytochemistry in Xenopus. Michael W. Klymkowsky. 2018. [45]
    • Microinjection of mRNAs and Oligonucleotides. Sally A. Moody. 2018. [46]
    • Microinjection of DNA Constructs into Xenopus Embryos for Gene Misexpression and cis-Regulatory Module Analysis. Yuuri Yasuoka and Masanori Taira. 2019. [47]
    • Whole-Mount Immunofluorescence for Visualizing Endogenous Protein and Injected RNA in Xenopus Oocytes. Samantha P. Jeschonek and Kimberly L. Mowry. 2018. [48]
    • Isolation of Xenopus Oocytes. Karen Newman, Tristan Aguero, and Mary Lou King. 2018. [49]
    • Microinjection of Xenopus Oocytes. Tristan Aguero, Karen Newman, and Mary Lou King. 2018. [50]
    • Oocyte Host-Transfer and Maternal mRNA Depletion Experiments in Xenopus. Douglas W. Houston. 2018. [51].
    • Applying Tensile and Compressive Force to Xenopus Animal Cap Tissue. Georgina K. Goddard, Nawseen Tarannum, and Sarah Woolner. 2020. [52].
    • RNAi-Mediated Loss of Function of Xenopus Immune Genes by Transgenesis. Eva-Stina Edholm and Jacques Robert. 2018. [53]
    • Flow Cytometric Analysis of Xenopus Immune Cells. Eva-Stina Edholm. [54]
    • Isolation and Demembranation of Xenopus Sperm Nuclei. James W. Hazel and Jesse C. Gatlin. 2018. [55]
    • Patch-Clamp and Perfusion Techniques to Study Ion Channels Expressed in Xenopus Oocytes. Guohui Zhang and Jianmin Cui. 2018. [56]
    • Heterologous Protein Expression in the Xenopus Oocyte. Jonathan S. Marchant. 2018. [57]
    • Isolation and Analysis of Xenopus Germinal Vesicles. Garry T. Morgan. 2018. [58]

'Omics

    • Transcriptomics and Proteomics Methods for Xenopus Embryos and Tissues. Michael J. Gilchrist, Gert Jan C. Veenstra, and Ken W.Y. Cho. 2020. ''Topic Introduction'' [59]
    • Mass Spectrometry-Based Absolute Quantification of Single Xenopus Embryo Proteomes. Rik G.H. Lindeboom, Arne H. Smits, Matteo Perino, Gert Jan C. Veenstra, and Michiel Vermeulen. [60]
    • INTACT Proteomics in Xenopus. Lauren Wasson, Nirav M. Amin, and Frank L. Conlon. 2019. [61]

Genomes, Chromosomes, DNA, Chromatin and Epigenetics

    • In Vitro Transcription Systems. Michael R. Green and Joseph Sambrook. [62]
    • ChIP-Sequencing in Xenopus Embryos. Saartje Hontelez, Ila van Kruijsbergen, and Gert Jan C. Veenstra. 2019. [63]
    • Chromatin Characterization in Xenopus laevis Cell-Free Egg Extracts and Embryos. Wei-Lin Wang, Takashi Onikubo, and David Shechter. 2019. [64].
    • Analysis of Chromatin Binding of Ectopically Expressed Proteins in Early Xenopus Embryos. Laura J.A. Hardwick and Anna Philpott. 2019. [65].
    • Analysis of Phosphorylation Status of Ectopically Expressed Proteins in Early Xenopus Embryos. Laura J.A. Hardwick and Anna Philpott. 2019. [66].
    • Assessing Ubiquitylation of Individual Proteins Using Xenopus Extract Systems. Gary S. McDowell and Anna Philpott. 2019. [67]
    • Generating a Three-Dimensional Genome from Xenopus with Hi-C. Ian K. Quigley and Sven Heinz. 2019. [68]
    • An RNA-Seq Protocol for Differential Expression Analysis. Nick D.L. Owens, Elena De Domenico, and Michael J. Gilchrist. 2019. [69]
    • DNase-seq to Study Chromatin Accessibility in Early Xenopus tropicalis Embryos. Jin Sun Cho, Ira L. Blitz, and Ken W.Y. Cho. 2019 [70]
    • Mapping Chromatin Features of Xenopus Embryos. George E. Gentsch and James C. Smith. 2019. [71]
    • Reconstituting Nuclear and Chromosome Dynamics Using Xenopus Extracts. Susannah Rankin. 2019 [72]
    • Extracts for Analysis of DNA Replication in a Nucleus-Free System. Justin Sparks and Johannes C. Walter. 2019. [73]
    • Endoplasmic Reticulum Network Formation with Xenopus Egg Extracts. Songyu Wang, Fabian B. Romano, and Tom A. Rapoport. 2019. [74].
    • Chromosome Cohesion and Condensation in Xenopus Egg Extracts. Eulália M.L. da Silva and Susannah Rankin. 2019. [75]
    • Chromatin Interaction Analysis Using Paired-End-Tag (ChIA-PET) Sequencing in Tadpole Tissues. Nicolas Buisine, Xiaoan Ruan, Yijun Ruan, and Laurent M. Sachs. 2018. [76]
    • Chromatin Immunoprecipitation for Chromatin Interaction Analysis Using Paired-End-Tag (ChIA-PET) Sequencing in Tadpole Tissues. 2018. Nicolas Buisine, Xiaoan Ruan, Yijun Ruan, and Laurent M. Sachs. [77]

Endocrinology, Toxicology and Metamorphosis

    • Methods for Investigating the Larval Period and Metamorphosis in Xenopus. Daniel R. Buchholz and Yun-Bo Shi. ''Topic Introduction'' [78].
    • Frog Embryo Teratogenesis Assay—Xenopus (FETAX): Use in Alternative Preclinical Safety Assessment. Douglas J. Fort and Michael Mathis. 2018. [79]
    • Following Endocrine-Disrupting Effects on Gene Expression in Xenopus laevis. Petra Spirhanzlova, Michelle Leemans, Barbara A. Demeneix, and Jean-Baptiste Fini. 2019. Full-text link: [80].
    • Larval Thymectomy of Xenopus laevis. Sara Mashoof, Breanna Breaux, and Michael F. Criscitiello. 2018. [81]

Cell-free extracts, Cell-free systems

    • The Use of Cell-Free Xenopus Extracts to Investigate Cytoplasmic Events. Romain Gibeaux and Rebecca Heald. 2019.''Topic Introduction'' [82]
    • Calculating the Degradation Rate of Individual Proteins Using Xenopus Extract Systems. Gary S. McDowell and Anna Philpott. 2019. [83].
    • Special Considerations for Making Explants and Transplants with Xenopus tropicalis. 2019. Marilyn Fisher and Robert M. Grainger. [84]. Supplemental Material [85].
    • Filopodia-Like Structure Formation from Xenopus Egg Extracts. Helen M. Fox and Jennifer L. Gallop. 2019. [86].
    • Centromere and Kinetochore Assembly in Xenopus laevis Egg Extract. Julio C. Flores Servin and Aaron F. Straight. 2018. [87]
    • Dissecting Protein Complexes in Branching Microtubule Nucleation Using Meiotic Xenopus Egg Extracts. Jae-Geun Song and Sabine Petry. 2018. [88]
    • Protein Immunodepletion and Complementation in Xenopus laevis Egg Extracts. Christopher Jenness, David J. Wynne, and Hironori Funabiki. 2018. [89]
    • Analysis of Mitotic Checkpoint Function in Xenopus Egg Extracts. Yinghui Mao. 2018 [90]
    • Chemical Screening Using Cell-Free Xenopus Egg Extract. Matthew R. Broadus and Ethan Lee. 2018. [91]
    • Robustly Cycling Xenopus laevis Cell-Free Extracts in Teflon Chambers. Jeremy B. Chang and James E. Ferrell Jr. [92]
    • Microfluidic Encapsulation of Demembranated Sperm Nuclei in Xenopus Egg Extracts. John Oakey and Jesse C. Gatlin. 2018. [93]
    • Nucleus Assembly and Import in Xenopus laevis Egg Extract. Pan Chen and Daniel L. Levy. 2018. [94]
    • Assembly of Spindles and Asters in Xenopus Egg Extracts. Christine M. Field and Timothy J. Mitchison. 2018. [95]
    • Preparation of Cellular Extracts from Xenopus Eggs and Embryos. Matthew C. Good and Rebecca Heald. 2018. [96]

Immunobiology

    • Raising Antibodies for Use in Xenopus. Maya Z. Piccinni and Matthew J. Guille. 2020. [97]
    • Purifying Antibodies Raised against Xenopus Peptides. Maya Z. Piccinni and Matthew J. Guille. 2020. [98]
    • Assessing the Immune Response When Raising Antibodies for Use in Xenopus. Maya Z. Piccinni and Matthew J. Guille. 2020. [99].
    • Lymphocyte Deficiency Induced by Sublethal Irradiation in Xenopus. Louise A. Rollins-Smith and Jacques Robert. 2019. [100].
    • Skin Grafting in Xenopus laevis: A Technique for Assessing Development and Immunological Disparity. Yumi Izutsu. 2019. [101]
    • Adoptive Transfer of Fluorescently Labeled Immune Cells in Xenopus. Kun Hyoe Rhoo and Jacques Robert. [102]
    • Assessing Antibody Responses to Pathogens or Model Antigens in Xenopus by Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA). Francisco De Jesús Andino and Jacques Robert. 2019 [103]
    • In Vivo Assessment of Neural Precursor Cell Cycle Kinetics in the Amphibian Retina. Morgane Locker and Muriel Perron2019. [104], Supplemental Material [105]
    • Protein Immunodepletion and Complementation in Xenopus laevis Egg Extracts. Christopher Jenness, David J. Wynne, and Hironori Funabiki. 2018. [106]
    • Elicitation of Xenopus laevis Tadpole and Adult Frog Peritoneal Leukocytes. Leon Grayfer. 2018. [107]
    • RNAi-Mediated Loss of Function of Xenopus Immune Genes by Transgenesis. Eva-Stina Edholm and Jacques Robert. 2018. [108]
    • Flow Cytometric Analysis of Xenopus Immune Cells. Eva-Stina Edholm. [109]

Neurobiology and tissue regeneration

    • Ex Vivo Eye Tissue Culture Methods for Xenopus. Jonathan J. Henry, Kimberly J. Perry, and Paul W. Hamilton. 2019. [110].
    • Methods for Examining Lens Regeneration in Xenopus. Jonathan J. Henry, Kimberly J. Perry, and Paul W. Hamilton. 2019. [111]
    • Tracing Central Nervous System Axon Regeneration in Xenopus. Kurt M. Gibbs and Ben G. Szaro. 2018. [112]
    • Cell Transplantation as a Method to Investigate Spinal Cord Regeneration in Regenerative and Nonregenerative Xenopus Stages. Emilio E. Méndez-Olivos and Juan Larraín. 2018. [113]
    • Infrared Laser-Mediated Gene Induction at the Single-Cell Level in the Regenerating Tail of Xenopus laevis Tadpoles. Riho Hasugata, Shinichi Hayashi, Aiko Kawasumi-Kita, Joe Sakamoto, Yasuhiro Kamei, and Hitoshi Yokoyama. 2018. [114]
    • Rod-Specific Ablation Using the Nitroreductase/Metronidazole System to Investigate Regeneration in Xenopus. Reyna I. Martinez-De Luna and Michael E. Zuber. 2018. [115]
    • Studies of Limb Regeneration in Larval Xenopus. Anthony L. Mescher and Anton W. Neff. 2019. [116].
    • Bulk Electroporation-Mediated Gene Transfer into Xenopus Tadpole Brain. Cristina Sáenz de Miera, Ethan Parr, and Robert J. Denver. 2018. [117] . Supplemental Material [118].
    • nverse Drug Screening of Bioelectric Signaling and Neurotransmitter Roles: Illustrated Using a Xenopus Tail Regeneration Assay. Kelly G. Sullivan and Michael Levin. 2018. [119]

Fate mapping, explants and transplants

    • Dissecting and Culturing Animal Cap Explants. Kevin S. Dingwell and James C. Smith. 2018. [120]
    • Cranial Neural Crest Explants. Hélène Cousin and Dominique Alfandari. 2018. [121]
    • Einsteck Transplants. Hélène Cousin. 2019 [122]
    • Cleavage Blastomere Deletion and Transplantation to Test Cell Fate Commitment in Xenopus. Sally A. Moody. 2019. [123]
    • Cleavage Blastomere Explant Culture in Xenopus. Sally A. Moody. 2019. [124]
    • Lineage Tracing and Fate Mapping in Xenopus Embryos. Sally A. Moody. 2018. [125]

CSHL Recipes

    • Embryo Lysis Buffer (Xenopus). (Recipe 1) CSHLP. 2019 [126]
    • Xenopus Embryo Lysis Buffer. (Recipe 2). CSHLP. 2019 [127]
    • Lysis Buffer for Xenopus (recipe3) CSHLP. 2019. [128]
    • DNA Isolation Buffer. CSHLP. 2019 [129]
    • Lysis Buffer for Xenopus Hi-C. CSHLP 2019. [130]
    • RIPA Buffer for Xenopus. CSHLP 2019. [131]
    • Amphibian Serum-Free (ASF) Medium Supplemented with Fetal Bovine Serum (FBS). CSHL 2019. [132]
    • Xenopus Eye Culture Medium. CSHLP 2019. [133]
    • Marc's Modified Ringer's (MMR) for Xenopus (1×). CSHLP. 2018. [134]
    • Marc's Modified Ringer's (MMR) for Xenopus (20×). CSHLP. 2019. [135]
    • Injection Buffer for Xenopus. CSHLP 2019. [136]
    • TE Buffer for Xenopus. CSHLP 2019. [137]
    • Proteinase K Buffer for Xenopus Oocytes. CSHLP 2018. [138]
    • PBT/PBT-Plus for Xenopus Oocytes. CSHL. 2018. [139]
    • Energy Mix for Xenopus Egg Extracts. CSHL 2018. [140]
    • Xenopus Oocyte Culture Medium (XOCM).CSHL 2018.[141]
    • PBT for Xenopus Oocyte FISH.CSHL 2018. [142]
    • Blocking Solution for Xenopus Oocytes. CSHL 2018. [143]
    • Aldehyde Fixative (MEMFA). CSHL 2018. [144]

Cold Spring Harbor Xenopus Protocols 2007. Edited by Hazel Sive

    • Housing and Feeding of Xenopus laevis - Sive et al. [145]
    • Inducing Ovulation in Xenopus laevis - Sive et al. [146]
    • Xenopus laevis In Vitro Fertilization and Natural Mating Methods - Sive et al. [147]
    • Egg Collection and In Vitro Fertilization of the Western Clawed Frog Xenopus tropicalis - Showell & Conlon [148]
    • Isolation of Xenopus Oocytes - Sive et al. [149]
    • Isolating Xenopus laevis Testes - Sive et al. [150]
    • Dejellying Xenopus laevis Embryos - Sive et al. [151]
    • Removing the Vitelline Membrane from Xenopus laevis Embryos - Sive et al. [152]
    • Microinjection of Xenopus Embryos - Sive et al. [153]
    • Defolliculation of Xenopus Oocytes - Sive et al. [154]
    • Microinjection of Xenopus Oocytes - Sive et al. [155]
    • Animal Cap Isolation from Xenopus laevis - Sive et al. [156]
    • Xenopus laevis Keller Explants - Sive et al. [157]
    • Microinjection of RNA and Preparation of Secreted Proteins from Xenopus Oocytes - Sive et al. [158]
    • Calibration of the Injection Volume for Microinjection of Xenopus Oocytes and Embryos - Sive et al. [159]
    • Isolation of DNA from Red Blood Cells in Xenopus - Sive et al. [160]
    • Investigating Morphogenesis in Xenopus Embryos: Imaging Strategies, Processing, and Analysis - Kim & Davidson [161]
    • Low-Magnification Live Imaging of Xenopus Embryos for Cell and Developmental Biology - Wallingford [162]
    • High-Magnification In Vivo Imaging of Xenopus Embryos for Cell and Developmental Biology - Keiserman et al. [163]
    • Preparation of Fixed Xenopus Embryos for Confocal Imaging - Wallingford [164]
    • Whole-Mount Fluorescence Immunocytochemistry on Xenopus Embryos - Lee et al. [165]
    • Generation of Transgenic Xenopus laevis - Kroll & Amaya - [166] [167] [168]
    • In Vivo Time-Lapse Imaging of Neuronal Development in Xenopus - Ruthazer et al. [169]
    • Photoconversion for Tracking the Dynamics of Cell Movement in Xenopus laevis Embryos - Chernet et al. [170]
    • Single-Cell Electroporation in Xenopus - Liu & Haas [171]
    • Imaging Axon Pathfinding in Xenopus In Vivo - Leung & Holt [172]
    • A Versatile Protocol for mRNA Electroporation of Xenopus laevis Embryos - Chernet & Levin [173]

General Research Protocols

Animal Husbandry


Lab Solutions and Reagents (click each to view expanded content)


Generating Embryos


Transgenesis


in situ Hybridization


Immunohistochemistry


ChIP protocols

  • Chromatin immunoprecipitation analysis of Xenopus embryos., Methods Mol Biol. 2012;917:279-92. [180] [181]
    • Akkers RC, Jacobi UG, Veenstra GJ.
  • Chromatin immunoprecipitation in early Xenopus laevis embryos., Dev Dyn. 2009 Jun;238(6):1422-32. [182] [183]
    • Blythe SA, Reid CD, Kessler DS, Klein PS.


Histology


Embryo Staining Protocols (non in situ)


Immuno and Protein Protocols


Nucleic Acid Protocols


Oocyte Transfer Technique (Heasman/Wylie labs)


Xenopus Oocyte and Egg Extracts


Xenopus Tissue Culture