Small Molecules for Xenopus Research: Difference between revisions
Jump to navigation
Jump to search
imported>Kevin |
|||
| (208 intermediate revisions by 7 users not shown) | |||
| Line 9: | Line 9: | ||
==Alphabetical List of Small Molecules With Literature References== | ==Alphabetical List of Small Molecules With Literature References== | ||
*[[1,3-Dicyclohexylurea]] | |||
*[[11-cis retinal]] | *[[11-cis retinal]] | ||
*[[18alpha- | *[[18alpha-glycyrrhetinic acid]] | ||
*[[2'-deoxyadenosine]] | |||
*[[2-APB]] | |||
*[[2-Deoxyglucose]] | |||
*[[3,3,5-triiodothyronine (T3)]] | *[[3,3,5-triiodothyronine (T3)]] | ||
*[[5HT (seratonin)]] | *[[5HT (seratonin)]] | ||
*[[8-Pcpt-2-O-Me-cAMP-AM]] | |||
*[[activin]] | *[[activin]] | ||
*[[Adenosine, periodate oxidized]] | |||
*[[AG1296]] | *[[AG1296]] | ||
*[[AG1879]] | *[[AG1879]] | ||
*[[AGN193109]] | *[[AGN193109]] | ||
*[[alpha-amanitin]] | *[[alpha-amanitin]] | ||
*[[Alisertib]] | |||
*[[anandamide]] | *[[anandamide]] | ||
*[[AP-III-a4]] | |||
*[[apelin]] | *[[apelin]] | ||
*[[aphidicolin]] | *[[aphidicolin]] | ||
*[[Aroclor 1254]] | |||
*[[Atrazine]] | |||
*[[AZD1480]] | *[[AZD1480]] | ||
*[[Bafilomycin A1]] | |||
*[[BAPTA-AM]] | *[[BAPTA-AM]] | ||
*[[Barasertib]] | |||
*[[Benzaldehyde, 3-allyl-2-(2-(diethylamino)ethoxy)-(DEAB)]] | |||
*[[beta-xyloside]] | *[[beta-xyloside]] | ||
*[[blebbistatin]] | |||
*[[BMS-453]] | |||
*[[Brefeldin A (BFA)]] | |||
*[[bumetanide]] | *[[bumetanide]] | ||
*[[calcium ionophore]] | *[[calcium ionophore]] | ||
*[[canertinib]] | |||
*[[CGP54626 ]] | *[[CGP54626 ]] | ||
*[[Chelerythrine]] | *[[Chelerythrine]] | ||
*[[chenodeoxycholic acid]] | |||
*[[chlorpromazine]] | |||
*[[chymostatin ]] | *[[chymostatin ]] | ||
*[[Citral]] | |||
*[[Colcemide]] | |||
*[[concanamycin]] | *[[concanamycin]] | ||
*[[CP-91149]] | |||
*[[cycloheximide]] | *[[cycloheximide]] | ||
*[[cyclopamine]] | *[[cyclopamine]] | ||
*[[Cyclosporin A]] | |||
*[[Cytochalasin B]] | *[[Cytochalasin B]] | ||
*[[cytochalasin D]] | |||
*[[D-AP5]] | |||
*[[D-NAME]] | |||
*[[deltamethrin]] | |||
*[[dexamethosone]] | *[[dexamethosone]] | ||
*[[DHT(dihydrotestosterone)]] | *[[DHT(dihydrotestosterone)]] | ||
*[[diazepam]] | *[[diazepam]] | ||
*[[Difopein]] | |||
*[[Diphenyleneiodonium Chloride]] | |||
*[[DMH-1]] | |||
*[[Dorsomorphin]] | |||
*[[DRB]] | |||
*[[Ex-527]] | *[[Ex-527]] | ||
*[[finasteride]] | |||
*[[folic acid]] | |||
*[[forskolin]] | *[[forskolin]] | ||
*[[fusicoccin]] | *[[fusicoccin]] | ||
*[[gallein]] | |||
*[[GANT 61]] | |||
*[[gentamycin]] | *[[gentamycin]] | ||
*[[GSK3-inhibitor IX (BIO)]] | |||
*[[GM6001]] | *[[GM6001]] | ||
*[[H-89 Dihydrochloride]] | |||
*[[heptanol]] | *[[heptanol]] | ||
*[[herbimycin A]] | *[[herbimycin A]] | ||
*[[Hh-Ag1.8]] | |||
*[[Hydroxyurea]] | |||
*[[IBMX]] | *[[IBMX]] | ||
*[[Iodoacetic acid]] | |||
*[[jasplakinolide]] | |||
*[[6-B345TTQ]] | |||
*[[Ketamine]] | |||
*[[KT 5720]] | *[[KT 5720]] | ||
*[[L-NAME]] | |||
*[[lansoprazole]] | *[[lansoprazole]] | ||
*[[latrunculin A]] | |||
*[[latrunculin B]] | |||
*[[LDN-193189]] | |||
*[[Leflunomide]] | |||
*[[leucovorin]] | |||
*[[LiCl]] | *[[LiCl]] | ||
*[[Lovastatin]] | |||
*[[LY294002]] | |||
*[[m-3M3FBS]] | |||
*[[methotrexate (MTX)]] | |||
*[[metronidazole]] | |||
*[[Mg132]] | *[[Mg132]] | ||
*[[MK-2206]] | |||
*[[MMP-2 inhibitor II]] | *[[MMP-2 inhibitor II]] | ||
*[[MS-275]] | |||
*[[Mubritinib]] | |||
*[[nicorandil]] | *[[nicorandil]] | ||
*[[Nicotinamide]] | |||
*[[Nicotinic acid]] | |||
*[[nifedipine]] | *[[nifedipine]] | ||
*[[nocodazole]] | *[[nocodazole]] | ||
*[[NSC-87877]] | *[[NSC-87877]] | ||
*[[o-phenanthroline]] | *[[o-phenanthroline]] | ||
*[[okadaic acid]] | |||
*[[olomoucine]] | *[[olomoucine]] | ||
*[[ouabain]] | *[[ouabain]] | ||
*[[Olygomycin]] | |||
*[[PD173074]] | |||
*[[PD-407824]] | |||
*[[p-MPPI]] | *[[p-MPPI]] | ||
*[[taxol|Paclitaxel]] | |||
*[[phaclofen]] | *[[phaclofen]] | ||
*[[phenylthiourea|phenylthiourea (PTU)]] | |||
*[[Picropodophyllin]] | |||
*[[PMA]] | *[[PMA]] | ||
*[[PP2]] | *[[PP2]] | ||
*[[ | *[[primaquine]] | ||
*[[ | *[[Progesterone]] | ||
*[[propylthiouracil]] | |||
*[[psoralen]] | |||
*[[pyrimethamine]] | |||
*[[quinpirole]] | |||
*[[rac1 inhibitor]] | |||
*[[rapamycin]] | |||
*[[retinoic acid]] | *[[retinoic acid]] | ||
*[[Retinol]] | |||
*[[RO-3306]] | |||
*[[RS67333]] | *[[RS67333]] | ||
*[[RU486]] | *[[RU486]] | ||
*[[SAHA]] | |||
*[[SB 203580]] | *[[SB 203580]] | ||
*[[SB431542]] | |||
*[[SB-505124]] | |||
*[[SCH28080]] | |||
*[[SNAP]] | |||
*[[sodium nitroprusside]] | *[[sodium nitroprusside]] | ||
*[[sodium perchlorate]] | |||
*[[SP600125 ]] | *[[SP600125 ]] | ||
*[[SU5402]] | *[[SU5402]] | ||
*[[SU6656]] | *[[SU6656]] | ||
*[[Suramin]] | *[[Suramin]] | ||
*[[tautomycin]] | |||
*[[taxol]] | |||
*[[thyroxine (T4)]] | *[[thyroxine (T4)]] | ||
*[[Torin 2]] | |||
*[[Trichostatin A]] | |||
*[[trimetrexate]] | |||
*[[Triptolide]] | |||
*[[TTNPB]] | *[[TTNPB]] | ||
*[[Tubercidin]] | |||
*[[tunicamycin]] | *[[tunicamycin]] | ||
*[[Tyrphostin AG 1478]] | |||
*[[U73122]] | |||
*[[Y27632]] | *[[Y27632]] | ||
*[[ZM 447439]] | *[[ZM 447439]] | ||
The Following are in need of standardization and curation | |||
*[[AM251]] | |||
*[[AM281]] | |||
*[[AP1510]] | |||
*[[AR-A014418]] | |||
*[[BHQ]] | |||
*[[b-aminoproprionitrile]] | |||
*[[beclomethasone]] | |||
*[[Butyrate]] | |||
*[[calcicludine]] | |||
*[[Calyculin A]] | |||
*[[celastrol]] | |||
*[[celecoxib]] | |||
*[[chromanol 293B]] | |||
*[[chlorate]] | |||
*[[cytochalasin D]] | *[[cytochalasin D]] | ||
*[[colchicine]] | *[[colchicine]] | ||
*[[ | *[[dimethyloxallyl glycine (DMOG)]] | ||
*[[ | *[[diclofenac]] | ||
*[[etoposide]] | |||
*[[IWR1]] | |||
*[[GW843682X]] | |||
*[[leptomycin B]] | |||
*[[LY320135]] | |||
*[[methylcellulose (MC)]] | |||
*[[methimazole]] | |||
*[[MBCD or MBetaCD]] | |||
*[[MS222]] | *[[MS222]] | ||
*[[nicardipine]] | |||
*[[Nu6102]] | |||
*[[purmorphamine]] | |||
*[[Pyrazoleanthrone]] | |||
*[[R(+)BayK 8644]] | |||
*[[RHC80267]] | |||
*[[RL-3]] | |||
*[[SAG]] | |||
*[[SB-431542]] | *[[SB-431542]] | ||
*[[ | *[[TG003]] | ||
== | *[[Thapsigargin]] | ||
==== | *[[U0126]] | ||
[[ | *[[ursodeoxycholic acid]] | ||
*[[valproic acid (VPA)]] | |||
*[[Echinomycin]] | |||
*[[Gö 6983]] | |||
*[[phenylhydrazine]] | |||
*[[ω-conotoxin–GVIA]] | |||
*[[flunarizine]] | |||
*[[tetrodotoxin]] | |||
*[[veratridine]] | |||
*[[NBI-27914]] | |||
==Small Molecules Affecting Pathways== | |||
===cAMP=== | |||
*[[IBMX]] | |||
*[[RU486]] | |||
===CDK/Cyclins=== | |||
*[[olomoucine]] | |||
*[[RO-3306]] | |||
*[[R-roscovitine]] | |||
===ERK/MAPK=== | ===ERK/MAPK=== | ||
*[[U0126]] | *[[U0126]] | ||
===Folic Acid=== | |||
*[[Methotrexate (MTX)]] | |||
===JAK/STAT=== | ===JAK/STAT=== | ||
*[[AZD1480]] | *[[AZD1480]] | ||
===JNK=== | ===JNK=== | ||
[[SP600125]] | *[[SP600125]] | ||
*[[Pyrazoleanthrone]] | |||
===Nitric Oxide=== | |||
*[[sodium nitroprusside]] | |||
===PDGF=== | ===PDGF=== | ||
*[[AG1296]] | *[[AG1296]] | ||
*[[AP1510]] | *[[AP1510]] | ||
===Retinoic Acid=== | ===Retinoic Acid=== | ||
*[[AGN193109]] | *[[AGN193109]] | ||
*[[Citral]] | |||
*[[retinoic acid]] | *[[retinoic acid]] | ||
*[[Retinol]] | |||
*[[TTNPB]] | *[[TTNPB]] | ||
*[[BMS-453]] | |||
===Shh=== | ===Shh=== | ||
*[[cyclopamine]] | *[[cyclopamine]] | ||
*[[purmorphamine]] | |||
*[[Hh-Ag1.8]] | |||
*[[Vismodegib]] | |||
===TGF-beta/BMP=== | ===TGF-beta/BMP=== | ||
*[[SB-431542]] | *[[SB-431542]] | ||
*[[SB505124]] | |||
===Thyroid Signaling=== | |||
*[[NH-3]] | |||
===Wnt=== | ===Wnt=== | ||
*[[LiCl]] | *[[LiCl]] | ||
*[[GSK3-inhibitor IX (BIO)]] | |||
*[[IWR1]] | |||
===Epigenetics=== | ===Epigenetics=== | ||
| Line 118: | Line 280: | ||
*[[GM6001|GM6001 (MMP inhibitor)]] | *[[GM6001|GM6001 (MMP inhibitor)]] | ||
*[[o-phenanthroline|o-phenanthroline(MMP inhibitor)]] | *[[o-phenanthroline|o-phenanthroline(MMP inhibitor)]] | ||
*[[BB-94|BB-94 MMP inhibitor]] | |||
*[[GI254023X| GI254023X MMP10 inhibitor]] | |||
==Small Molecules | ==Small Molecules affecting Biological Functions & Processes== | ||
===Angiogenesis=== | ===Angiogenesis=== | ||
*[[dimethyloxallyl glycine (DMOG)]] | |||
*[[herbimycin A]] | *[[herbimycin A]] | ||
*[[Suramin]] | |||
===Apoptosis=== | ===Apoptosis=== | ||
*[[cycloheximide]] | *[[cycloheximide]] | ||
*[[alpha-amanitin]] | *[[alpha-amanitin]] | ||
*[[Cyclosporin A]] | |||
*[[2,2ʹ-Methylenebis(1,3-cyclohexanedione)]] | |||
*[[NS3694]] | |||
===Autophagy=== | ===Autophagy=== | ||
*[[LY-294002]] | *[[LY-294002]] | ||
===Calcium Signaling=== | |||
*[[nifedipine]] | |||
*[[R(+)BayK 8644]] | |||
*[[nicardipine]] | |||
*[[deltamethrin]] | |||
*[[BHQ]] | |||
*[[Thapsigargin]] | |||
===Circadian Rhythm=== | |||
*[[quinpirole]] | |||
===Cytoskeletal Inhibitors=== | ===Cytoskeletal Inhibitors=== | ||
*[[Cytochalasin B]] | *[[Cytochalasin B]] | ||
*[[cytochalasin D]] | |||
*[[Colcemide]] | |||
*[[Colchicine]] | |||
*[[jasplakinolide]] is an activator | |||
*[[latrunculin B]] | |||
*[[taxol]] | |||
*[[taxol|Paclitaxel]] | |||
===Cell Cycle, including mitosis=== | |||
*[[Colcemide]] | |||
*[[Hydroxyurea]] | |||
*[[olomoucine]] | |||
*[[PD-407824]] | |||
===Cell migration, including specific cell lineage removal=== | |||
*[[Clodronate]] | |||
===Cilia=== | |||
*[[methylcellulose (MC)]] | |||
===DNA Damage/Repair=== | |||
*[[etoposide]] | |||
*[[Hydroxyurea]] | |||
===DNA Synthesis=== | |||
*[[Calyculin A]] | |||
===DNA mutagenic compounds=== | |||
*[[ENU or N-nitroso-N-ethylurea]] 100mM Sigma N3385 | |||
===Growth Cone, Filopodia, and other Cytoskeletal projections=== | ===Growth Cone, Filopodia, and other Cytoskeletal projections=== | ||
| Line 142: | Line 349: | ||
*[[colchicine]] 12.5uM Sigma | *[[colchicine]] 12.5uM Sigma | ||
*[[nocodazole]] 0.1uM Sigma | *[[nocodazole]] 0.1uM Sigma | ||
*[[RHC80267]] | |||
===Hatching=== | |||
*[[ouabain]] | |||
===Left-Right Patterning=== | |||
*[[methylcellulose (MC)]] | |||
===Metamorphosis=== | ===Metamorphosis=== | ||
*[[3,3,5-triiodothyronine (T3)]] | *[[3,3,5-triiodothyronine (T3)]] | ||
*[[methimazole]] | |||
*[[propylthiouracil]] | |||
*[[thyroxine (T4)]] | *[[thyroxine (T4)]] | ||
===Neurotransmission=== | ===Neurotransmission=== | ||
*[[diazepam]] | *[[diazepam]] | ||
*[[p-MPPI]] | |||
*[[phaclofen]] | |||
*[[RS67333]] | |||
*[[deltamethrin]] | |||
===Protein Recycling=== | |||
*[[primaquine]] | |||
==Drugs by Gene Class== | ==Drugs by Gene Class== | ||
===Channels, including ATPases=== | |||
*[[ouabain]] | |||
*[[AM251]] | |||
*[[AM281]] | |||
*[[LY320135]] | |||
*[[bafilomycin A1]] | |||
===G Protein Receptors=== | ===G Protein Receptors=== | ||
*[[purmorphamine]] | |||
===Kinases=== | ===Kinases=== | ||
*[[KT 5720]] | *[[KT 5720]] | ||
*[[olomoucine]] | *[[olomoucine]] | ||
*[[PD-407824]] | |||
*[[SB 203580]] | |||
*[[Y27632]] | |||
*[[ZM 447439]] | |||
===Phosphatases=== | |||
*[[Cyclosporin A]] | |||
*[[deltamethrin]] | |||
*[[okadaic acid]] | |||
*[[tautomycin]] | |||
*[[Calyculin A]] | |||
===Small GTPases=== | ===Small GTPases=== | ||
| Line 163: | Line 406: | ||
*[[cycloheximide]] 40uM | *[[cycloheximide]] 40uM | ||
===Retinoids=== | |||
*[[TTNPB]] Sigma | |||
==Textpresso Small Molecules to Research== | ==Textpresso Small Molecules to Research== | ||
| Line 169: | Line 414: | ||
*[http://www.xenbase.org/literature/article.do?method=display&articleId=42068 GBG or GBetaGamma or G Protein Beta Gamma] | *[http://www.xenbase.org/literature/article.do?method=display&articleId=42068 GBG or GBetaGamma or G Protein Beta Gamma] | ||
*[[LY-294002| LY-294002 inhibits PI3K and autophagy]] | *[[LY-294002| LY-294002 inhibits PI3K and autophagy]] | ||
==Models of Anemia== | |||
*[[Phenylhydrazine]] | |||
==Environmental toxins== | |||
*[[Cis-bifenthrin (cis-BF)]] | |||
*[[Graphine (GO)]] | |||
*[[4-methylcyclohexane methanol (MCHM)]] | |||
*[[4-octylphenol (OP)]] | |||
*[[metamifop]] | |||
Latest revision as of 07:21, 16 May 2023
Notice to our users
Please help us to improve this small molecules wiki and our other wikis by registering for a wiki account through our normal feedback email.
Important small molecule references
- Database of Small Molecules by Feldman and Hogue 2006 at PubChem
- Wnt/Notch by Myers and Krieg 2014
- Ubiquitin-proteasome by Salic and King 2005
Alphabetical List of Small Molecules With Literature References
- 1,3-Dicyclohexylurea
- 11-cis retinal
- 18alpha-glycyrrhetinic acid
- 2'-deoxyadenosine
- 2-APB
- 2-Deoxyglucose
- 3,3,5-triiodothyronine (T3)
- 5HT (seratonin)
- 8-Pcpt-2-O-Me-cAMP-AM
- activin
- Adenosine, periodate oxidized
- AG1296
- AG1879
- AGN193109
- alpha-amanitin
- Alisertib
- anandamide
- AP-III-a4
- apelin
- aphidicolin
- Aroclor 1254
- Atrazine
- AZD1480
- Bafilomycin A1
- BAPTA-AM
- Barasertib
- Benzaldehyde, 3-allyl-2-(2-(diethylamino)ethoxy)-(DEAB)
- beta-xyloside
- blebbistatin
- BMS-453
- Brefeldin A (BFA)
- bumetanide
- calcium ionophore
- canertinib
- CGP54626
- Chelerythrine
- chenodeoxycholic acid
- chlorpromazine
- chymostatin
- Citral
- Colcemide
- concanamycin
- CP-91149
- cycloheximide
- cyclopamine
- Cyclosporin A
- Cytochalasin B
- cytochalasin D
- D-AP5
- D-NAME
- deltamethrin
- dexamethosone
- DHT(dihydrotestosterone)
- diazepam
- Difopein
- Diphenyleneiodonium Chloride
- DMH-1
- Dorsomorphin
- DRB
- Ex-527
- finasteride
- folic acid
- forskolin
- fusicoccin
- gallein
- GANT 61
- gentamycin
- GSK3-inhibitor IX (BIO)
- GM6001
- H-89 Dihydrochloride
- heptanol
- herbimycin A
- Hh-Ag1.8
- Hydroxyurea
- IBMX
- Iodoacetic acid
- jasplakinolide
- 6-B345TTQ
- Ketamine
- KT 5720
- L-NAME
- lansoprazole
- latrunculin A
- latrunculin B
- LDN-193189
- Leflunomide
- leucovorin
- LiCl
- Lovastatin
- LY294002
- m-3M3FBS
- methotrexate (MTX)
- metronidazole
- Mg132
- MK-2206
- MMP-2 inhibitor II
- MS-275
- Mubritinib
- nicorandil
- Nicotinamide
- Nicotinic acid
- nifedipine
- nocodazole
- NSC-87877
- o-phenanthroline
- okadaic acid
- olomoucine
- ouabain
- Olygomycin
- PD173074
- PD-407824
- p-MPPI
- Paclitaxel
- phaclofen
- phenylthiourea (PTU)
- Picropodophyllin
- PMA
- PP2
- primaquine
- Progesterone
- propylthiouracil
- psoralen
- pyrimethamine
- quinpirole
- rac1 inhibitor
- rapamycin
- retinoic acid
- Retinol
- RO-3306
- RS67333
- RU486
- SAHA
- SB 203580
- SB431542
- SB-505124
- SCH28080
- SNAP
- sodium nitroprusside
- sodium perchlorate
- SP600125
- SU5402
- SU6656
- Suramin
- tautomycin
- taxol
- thyroxine (T4)
- Torin 2
- Trichostatin A
- trimetrexate
- Triptolide
- TTNPB
- Tubercidin
- tunicamycin
- Tyrphostin AG 1478
- U73122
- Y27632
- ZM 447439
The Following are in need of standardization and curation
- AM251
- AM281
- AP1510
- AR-A014418
- BHQ
- b-aminoproprionitrile
- beclomethasone
- Butyrate
- calcicludine
- Calyculin A
- celastrol
- celecoxib
- chromanol 293B
- chlorate
- cytochalasin D
- colchicine
- dimethyloxallyl glycine (DMOG)
- diclofenac
- etoposide
- IWR1
- GW843682X
- leptomycin B
- LY320135
- methylcellulose (MC)
- methimazole
- MBCD or MBetaCD
- MS222
- nicardipine
- Nu6102
- purmorphamine
- Pyrazoleanthrone
- R(+)BayK 8644
- RHC80267
- RL-3
- SAG
- SB-431542
- TG003
- Thapsigargin
- U0126
- ursodeoxycholic acid
- valproic acid (VPA)
- Echinomycin
- Gö 6983
- phenylhydrazine
- ω-conotoxin–GVIA
- flunarizine
- tetrodotoxin
- veratridine
- NBI-27914
Small Molecules Affecting Pathways
cAMP
CDK/Cyclins
ERK/MAPK
Folic Acid
JAK/STAT
JNK
Nitric Oxide
PDGF
Retinoic Acid
Shh
TGF-beta/BMP
Thyroid Signaling
Wnt
Epigenetics
Protease Inhibitors
- chymostatin
- GM6001 (MMP inhibitor)
- o-phenanthroline(MMP inhibitor)
- BB-94 MMP inhibitor
- GI254023X MMP10 inhibitor
Small Molecules affecting Biological Functions & Processes
Angiogenesis
Apoptosis
Autophagy
Calcium Signaling
Circadian Rhythm
Cytoskeletal Inhibitors
- Cytochalasin B
- cytochalasin D
- Colcemide
- Colchicine
- jasplakinolide is an activator
- latrunculin B
- taxol
- Paclitaxel
Cell Cycle, including mitosis
Cell migration, including specific cell lineage removal
Cilia
DNA Damage/Repair
DNA Synthesis
DNA mutagenic compounds
- ENU or N-nitroso-N-ethylurea 100mM Sigma N3385
Growth Cone, Filopodia, and other Cytoskeletal projections
- PP2
- SU6656
- cytochalasin D 0.1 uM Sigma
- latrunculin B 30nM Sigma
- colchicine 12.5uM Sigma
- nocodazole 0.1uM Sigma
- RHC80267
Hatching
Left-Right Patterning
Metamorphosis
Neurotransmission
Protein Recycling
Drugs by Gene Class
Channels, including ATPases
G Protein Receptors
Kinases
Phosphatases
Small GTPases
Protein Synthesis
- anisomycin 40uM Sigma
- cycloheximide 40uM
Retinoids
- TTNPB Sigma
Textpresso Small Molecules to Research
- importazole inhibits importin
- M119
- GBG or GBetaGamma or G Protein Beta Gamma
- LY-294002 inhibits PI3K and autophagy